![]() ![]() Rossby wave ray tracing diagnosis reveals that the wave energies, generated by the latent heat release of the TDR mode, can propagate northward into the western TP. Subsequently, a tropical dipole rainfall (TDR) mode is induced with precipitation anomalies between the tropical western Indian Ocean and the eastern Indian Ocean–Maritime Continent. ![]() ![]() The IOT SSTA pattern persists into the following summer and excites anomalous local-scale zonal–vertical circulation. Observational analysis and numerical experiments manifest that the signal of the May SAM can be “prolonged” by a meridional Indian Ocean tripole (IOT) sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) via atmosphere–ocean interaction. This study finds that the May Southern Hemisphere (SH) annular mode (SAM), the dominating mode of atmospheric circulation variability in the SH extratropics, exhibits a significant positive relationship with the interannual variations in western TPSC during boreal summer. However, relatively few studies have been devoted to revealing the potential factors that can contribute to the TPSC interannual variability, especially during boreal summer. The climate response to the Tibetan Plateau (TP) snow cover (TPSC) has been receiving extensive concern. ![]()
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